Presenting search result information

ABSTRACT

A method of presenting computer-generated search result information can include receiving a search request from a client computer; identifying a plurality of search results responsive to the search request; ranking the plurality of search results using content in one or more web notebooks; and providing the ranked plurality of search results for presentation in the client computer. Using the content can include determining whether at least one of a title, a heading, clipped content, metadata or a user-annotation in at least one web notebook relates to the search request and, if so, increasing a ranking of at least one search result referenced by the at least one web notebook.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The description relates to ranking search results, or generating snippetinformation for search results, using information in a notebook.

BACKGROUND

When users enter a search term into a search engine, the resultingsearch hits are often presented in a particular order. This is the casewith virtually all search engines available on the web. Upon receivingthis response from the search engine, the user can then peruse theresults at will, beginning either with the first listed search result orproceeding to one lower on the list.

The search results are presented in a certain order for differentreasons. First, the markup languages commonly used for presentingweb-oriented information are more geared toward presenting informationin a structured way (e.g., as a list of items having a top and a bottom)than in an unstructured way (e.g., as an unsorted group of items).Second, the results may be deliberately placed in a certain orderaccording to the relevance of each individual hit. This may generally bereferred to as ranking the search results, because they are placed in anorder decided by an algorithm or by some other predefined decisionprocess. For example, when the Google™ search engine presents theresults from a search, it ranks the responsive pages according tobacklinks; that is, according to the number of other web pages that linkto the page in question. Thus, the ranking is performed by taking intoaccount other information that the search engine can access (the numberof backlinks) and that is relevant in deciding which of the web pagesrepresented by the search result the user may be most interested inreviewing.

Another feature that helps the user facing many search hits is theapproach of presenting snippet information together with some or all ofthe search hits. Generally speaking, the snippet information is aportion of (usually textual) content from the corresponding web page.This information is automatically retrieved and displayed in the searchresults together with the title of the web page, or otherwise inconnection with a link that can be used for accessing the web page. Thesnippet information is presented because it may help the user decidewhether the page is relevant without having to open the page (which maytake some time). Thus, the snippet information is generated using otherinformation that the search engine can access (content of the web page)and that is relevant in deciding which of the web pages represented bythe search result the user may be most interested in reviewing.

Individuals sometimes create information collections online that reflecttheir interests. For example, some approaches have been made to letusers clip content from web pages and store this information for lateruse. The benefit of this is that the user can gather, in a single place,information from several sources that relate to a common topic, yet thatmay not be available from those sources in the future (because web pagesare sometimes revised or removed). Such a document, formed by a user'sselection of content from various web documents and collection of thatcontent together in one place, is known as a web notebook. A webnotebook may be made available to users other than its author, and thusmay be indexed and searched by the users.

SUMMARY

The present document describes presenting computer-generated searchresult information. In general, search results are shown to have theirpresentation or order affected by the content of web notebooks. Forexample, web pages referenced by a notebook whose title, or one of itsheadings, is “Tasmania” may contain entries from a number of pages thatby strong inference show information from New Zealand. This informationmay be used to increase the rank of each of the referenced web pages forsearches on terms like “New Zealand” over and above the ranking thatwould otherwise be given the pages.

In some implementations, a method of presenting computer-generatedsearch result information includes receiving a search request from aclient computer; identifying a plurality of search results responsive tothe search request; ranking the plurality of search results usingcontent in one or more web notebooks; and providing the ranked pluralityof search results for presentation in the client computer.

Ranking can include first ranking the plurality of search resultswithout using the content, and thereafter modifying the ranked searchresults using the content. Using the content can include determiningwhether at least one of a title, a heading, clipped content, metadata ora user-annotation in at least one web notebook relates to the searchrequest and, if so, increasing a ranking of at least one search resultreferenced by the at least one web notebook. Performing the rankingfurther can include analyzing backlinks corresponding to the pluralityof search results. The one or more web notebooks can be selected for usein the ranking based on an identity of a user that initiates the searchrequest. The web notebooks can be ranked before the plurality of searchresults is received, and the ranking of the web notebooks can be takeninto account in ranking the plurality of search results. Use of thecontent in performing the ranking can be triggered by an instructionincluded in the search request. At least one search result from theplurality of search results can be selected from the group consisting ofa map search result, a shopping search result and a book search result.

In some implementations, the method can further include generating,after identifying the plurality of search results, snippet informationby identifying portions of documents associated with the search resultsthat have been referenced in the web notebooks. The snippet informationcan be provided to the client computer with the search results. In someimplementations, the method can further include identifying a firstsearch result that is referenced in the one or more web notebooks andidentifying a second search result that is not referenced in the one ormore web notebooks; the ranking can include ranking the first searchresult higher than the second search result.

In some implementations, a method of presenting computer-generatedsearch result information includes receiving a user input correspondingto a search request; forwarding the search request to a server computerfor identifying a plurality of search results responsive to the searchrequest; and receiving the plurality of search results from the servercomputer, the plurality of search results being ranked using content inone or more web notebooks.

One or more web notebooks can be selected for use in the ranking basedon an identity of a user that provides the user input. The rankedplurality of search results can further include snippet information thatthe server computer generates by identifying portions of documentsassociated with the search results that have been referenced in the oneor more web notebooks. The search request can further include aninstruction for the server computer to rank the plurality of searchresults using the content. In some implementations, the method furtherincludes displaying the ranked plurality of search results.

In some implementations, a method of presenting computer-generatedsearch result information includes receiving a search request from aclient computer; identifying a plurality of search results responsive tothe search request; and generating snippet information to be transmittedto the client computer with the search results by identifying portionsof documents associated with at least one search result of the pluralityof search results that have been referenced in one or more webnotebooks.

Snippet information can be generated by obtaining, for at least onesearch result included in the plurality of search results, a portion ofcontent that is included in the one or more web notebooks. The searchrequest can include an instruction to identify the portions of thedocuments in generating the snippet information. The content can includeat least one of a title, a heading, generated snippet information,metadata or a user-entered annotation.

In some implementations, the method further includes displaying anindication of a number of the one or more web notebooks that referencethe at least one search result. In some implementations, the methodfurther includes providing a link that, upon activation, provides accessto the one or more web notebooks. In some implementations, the methodfurther includes ranking the plurality of search results using contentin the one or more web notebooks. In some implementations, the methodfurther includes forwarding the plurality of search results and thegenerated snippet information to a client computer from which the searchrequest was received.

The systems and methods just described may provide one or more of thefollowing advantages. Searchers may be provided with more accuratesearches that are based on “votes” from other users. Also, a searchprovider may benefit from being able to provide more useful results, andthereby draw more users.

The details of one or more implementations are set forth in theaccompanying drawings and the description below. Other features,objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description anddrawings, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an example of a computer system in which a ranker or asnippetizer uses content from at least one web notebook in processing aquery from a web browser.

FIG. 2 is a flow chart of exemplary operations relating to presentingcomputer-generated search result information, the results having beenranked using web notebooks.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of exemplary operations relating to presentingcomputer-generated snippet information with search results, the snippetinformation being generated using web notebooks.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an exemplary ranking system that can beused in ranking search results using web notebooks.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a system for organizing web-basedcontent in web notebooks.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing an exemplary flow of informationbetween components in a web notebook system.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of computing devices that may be used toimplement the systems and methods described in this document, as eithera client or as a server or plurality of servers.

Like reference numerals in the various drawings indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows an example of a computer system 100 in which a ranker or asnippetizer uses content from at least one web notebook in processing aquery from a web browser. For example, a user may be planning a vacationto Hawaii, and may want to review web sites pertaining to his or hervacation plans. The user therefore enters a search phrase (e.g., “Hawaiivacation”) into a query field 102 in a web browser 104. The user entersthe phrase on a client computer such as a home computer, work computer,cell phone or PDA, to name a few examples. When a search phrase has beenentered in the query field 102, the user can click a search button 106to cause the client computer to forward a corresponding search requestto a server computer 108, as indicated by an arrow 109. For example, theweb browser (e.g., on the user's home computer) can send the queryacross the Internet. The server computer 108 can include one or more webservers that provide search engine services by publishing one or moreweb pages, for example the page currently shown in the browser 104.

The server computer 108 includes a search module 110 that receives andprocesses the search request. For example, processing the request caninclude parsing the query and formulating the instructions necessary toexecute the query within the server computer 108. The search module 110can then perform the requested search on data in a repository 112. Forexample, the repository 112 can contain indexing and content informationobtained by automatically accessing web pages (or other content, such asimages, video, books, maps, scholarly articles, product or serviceinformation, etc.) and retrieving and organizing all or part of theircontents. For example, a search request that includes “Hawaii vacation”can result in a result set 114 that contains information identifying webpages that are responsive to the search request. The information in theresult set 114 can presently be organized in the order that it isretrieved from the repository 112, or it may be unorganized, to name twoexamples. One repository 112 is shown, but the multiple repositories canbe employed (e.g., one distributed repository for each corpus ofcontent).

A ranker 116 can rank the entries in the result set 114. The ranking canuse contents of one or more web notebooks 118 that are available in theserver computer 108. For example, if the notebook contains content froma web page (e.g., text, images, video, books, maps, scholarly articles,product or service information, etc.) that is also included in theresult set 114, that web page can receive a higher rank. In someimplementations, the ranker 116 can assign the highest ranks to contentfrom the result set 114 that corresponds to existing notebook 118entries. In other implementations, the ranker 116 can match the title ofa web notebook 118 with the web browser query to identify that notebookas relevant and then elevate the rank of pages in the search result thatalso occur in that web notebook 118. Presentation of the search resultset to the user will be described below, as will some examples of howthe web notebooks can be generated.

A snippetizer 120 provides snippet information for some or all hits inthe result set 114. The snippet information can include short summariesof the webpage for display in the results area of a web browser. Thesnippetizer 120 can use information in one or more of the web notebooks118 to generate the snippet information. For example, words, phrases,images, maps, etc., from a page that the user has clipped into thenotebook can be given preference in generating snippet information forthat web page. For pages in which the snippet information is notobtained from the web notebook(s) 118, the snippetizer 120 can useinformation from the repository 112 as indicated by an arrow 122, forexample to extract content from the web page according to an algorithm.

When ranking and/or snippetizing is complete, a GUI management module124 sends the ranked search results and the snippet information to thebrowser 104 for display, as indicated by an arrow 126. The informationcan be sent over the Internet, for example to the user's home computerfrom which the web search originated. The client computer receives theranked search results, which may include the snippet information, andupdates the display on the web browser 104 accordingly. The searchresults can be displayed whether they are ranked using the web notebooks118, snippetized using the web notebooks 118, or both ranked andsnippetized using the web notebooks 118.

For example, result entry 128 (e.g., from www.hawaii.com) can be thefirst entry in the web browser 104 if it received a higher ranking thanresult entry 130 (e.g., representing website www.bestplaceshawaii.com)and all other result entries. The higher ranking can result, forexample, if the ranking mechanism used by the ranker 116 determined thatwww.hawaii.com outmatched www.bestplaceshawaii.com to the searchrequest. The higher ranking can be based on the level of matches (e.g.,using key words from the search request) between the search request andindexing within the repository 112. For example, a web site matching allof the keywords in the search request would receive a higher rankingthan one matching just some of the keywords. Furthermore, the higherranking can be based on an analysis of the contents of the web notebooks118. For example, a web site matching a title, heading, user-annotation,metadata or clipped content from a web notebook 118 can receive a higherranking than one that matched no web notebooks. Result entry 132 (e.g.,from www.hawaii-aloha.com) can have a lower ranking if the rankerdetermined that it was less of a match to indexes in the repository 118and information in existing web notebooks 118. In some implementations,groups of result entries all having an equal rank can be displayed inany order, as long as the overall ranking order is preserved.

In some implementations, additional links can be provided for one ormore search results. For example, a link 134 is depicted with the searchresult 128. The link 134 can provide an indication of a number of webnotebooks that reference the corresponding search result (e.g., searchresult 128). In some implementations, the number can correspond to atotal number of web notebooks that reference the search result,regardless of whether the web notebooks are public or private webnotebooks. (Public and private notebooks are described in greater detailbelow.) In other implementations, the number can correspond to a numberof public notebooks that reference the corresponding search result. Insome implementations, activation of the link 134 can provide access toone or more of the web notebooks that reference the corresponding searchresult (e.g., the public web notebooks, or the web notebookscorresponding to a user who entered the search request (e.g., asdetermined by a login, cookie, or other authentication or access-controlmethod)).

As another example, a link 136 can be provided when a search result isreferenced by a user's own web notebook. As mentioned above, a user can,in some implementations, log into an interface in order to obtain accessto his or her web notebooks, and once logged in from a particular clientdevice, the client device can be associated with an account of the user(and any corresponding web notebooks maintained by the user). Whensearch results, such as the search result 128, are referenced by theuser's own web notebooks, the link 136 can be provided. In someimplementations, activation of the link 136 can facilitate access to thecorresponding web notebook(s) that reference the search result. Forexample, a pop-up window could be provided that displays content fromthe corresponding web notebook, or when multiple web notebooks referencea search result, a pop-window (or other appropriate control) couldenable the user to select a particular web notebook to view, or otheraction to take with respect to a particular web notebook.

Result entries 128, 130 and 132 can include snippets based oninformation obtained from the repository 112 and web notebooks 118. Eachsnippet, for example, can contain a summary of the corresponding website, one or more links to the web site, and links to any associated webnotebooks 118. For example, result entry 128 (e.g., from www.hawaii.com)can have a snippet that includes phrases derived from the repository 112and existing web notebooks 118 pertaining to Hawaii vacations. In someimplementations, each snippet can be formatted and displayed to showcorrelations between the search request and existing web notebooks. Forexample, words or phrases in the snippet can be highlighted if theymatch the original search query. The web browser 104 can furtherhighlight words or phrases in a snippet from a web page that match thetitles or contents of any existing web notebooks 118. This additionalhighlighting can be different from other highlighting to differentiateit as unique to web notebooks where portions of the snippet have beenclipped to the web notebook. In some implementations, the snippet canfurther contain links to the corresponding web notebooks. This can, forexample, allow the user to access any notebook that relates to thesnippet.

FIG. 2 is a flow chart of exemplary operations 200 and 201 relating topresenting computer-generated search result information, the resultshaving been ranked using web notebooks. Operations 200 are performed ona client computer; operations 201 are performed on a server computer.For example, the operations 200 and 201 can be performed in the computersystem 100.

The operations 200 and 201 begin in step 202 with receiving a user inputon the client computer. For example, referring to FIG. 1, the browser104 receives a search phrase (e.g., “Hawaii vacation”) that the userenters into the query field 102. The user enters the query on a clientcomputer such as a home computer, work computer, cell phone or PDA, toname a few examples.

In step 204, the client computer forwards the search request to theserver computer. For example, referring to FIG. 1, forwarding the searchrequest can occur when the user clicks the search button 106 aftercompleting the query field 102 within the web browser 104. Thecorresponding search request is forwarded across a network to the servercomputer 108 (e.g., operated by a content provider), as indicated by thearrow 109. For example, the network can be the Internet, and the requestcan be in the form of an HTTP request.

In step 206, the search request is received on the server computer. Forexample, referring to FIG. 1, the search request can be received by thesearch module 110 within the server computer 108. In someimplementations, the search module 110 can parse the search request andprepare instructions for execution within the server computer 108.

In step 208, the server computer identifies a plurality of searchresults responsive to the search request. The search results couldinclude any kind of content, or multiples kinds of content, such as, forexample, text search results, video search results, image searchresults, book search results, scholarly article search results, mapsearch results, search results relating to product or serviceinformation, or any other kind of content typically provided by a searchengine, which may or may not be associated with a particular class orcorpus of content. Referring to FIG. 1, the search module 110 canexecute the requested search in the repository 112. The requested searchcan be facilitated by using indexing and content information stored inthe repository 112. For example, a search request that includes “Hawaiivacation” can result in a result set 114 that contains informationidentifying web pages that are responsive to the search request.

In step 210, the plurality of search results are ranked using content inone or more web notebooks. For example, referring to FIG. 1, the ranker116 can rank the web content entries in the result set 114 usingcontents of one or more web notebooks 118. As an example, the rankingcan be higher for web content from one or more web pages that the usernotebooked at an earlier time.

In some implementations, a higher rank can be given to web content(e.g., images, text, videos, maps, etc.) that has been added to anotebook having a title, heading, metadata, annotation, etc., that isthe same or similar to a request. For example, a web page about a cafécan be given a higher ranking in a search for “Italian restaurants” evenif the page says nothing about Italy or restaurants, if the page has hadcontent clipped into a notebook under the heading or title of “ItalianRestaurants.” In such an implementation, the assumption can be that thepage relates to Italian Restaurants because the author of the webnotebook captured part of its content under such a caption. The rankedsearch results are provided to the GUI management module 124.

In step 212, the ranked search results are forwarded to the clientcomputer. For example, referring to FIG. 1, the GUI management module124 can send the ranked search results to the web browser 104 on theclient computer, as indicated by the arrow 126. The information can besent over the Internet, for example to the user's home computer fromwhich the web search originated.

In step 214, the ranked search results are received by the clientcomputer. For example, referring to FIG. 1, the ranked search resultsare received by the web browser 104. The web browser may be on a homecomputer, work computer, cell phone or PDA, to name a few examples.

In step 216, the ranked search results are displayed on the user'sclient computer. For example, referring to FIG. 1, the web browser 104can display the ranked search results in the results area of the user'scomputer screen. In one example, the display can be updated to list webpages matching the user's original query (e.g., “Hawaii vacation”).

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of exemplary operations 300 and 301 relating topresenting computer-generated snippet information with search results,the snippet information being generated using web notebooks. Operations300 are performed on a client computer; operations 301 are performed ona server computer. For example, the operations 300 and 301 can beperformed in the computer system 100.

The operations begin in step 302 with receiving a user input on theclient computer. For example, referring to FIG. 1, the browser 104receives a search phrase (e.g., “Hawaii vacation”) that the user entersinto the query field 102. The user enters the query on a client computersuch as a PDA, home computer, work computer or cell phone, to name a fewexamples.

In step 304, the client computer forwards the search request to theserver computer. For example, referring to FIG. 1, forwarding the searchrequest can occur when the user clicks the search button 106 aftercompleting the query field 102 within the web browser 104. Thecorresponding search request is forwarded across a network to the servercomputer 108 (e.g., within a content provider), as indicated by thearrow 109. For example, the network can be the Internet.

In step 306, the search request is received on the server computer. Forexample, referring to FIG. 1, the search request can be received by thesearch module 110 within the server computer 108. In someimplementations, the search module 110 can parse the search request andprepare instructions for execution within the server computer 108.

In step 308, the server computer identifies a plurality of searchresults responsive to the search request. For example, referring to FIG.1, the search module 110 can execute the requested search in therepository 112. The requested search can be facilitated by usingindexing and content information stored in the repository 112. Forexample, a search request that includes “Hawaii vacation” can result ina result set 114 that contains information identifying web pages thatare responsive to the search request.

In step 310, the server generates snippet information to be transmittedto the client computer with the search results. The snippet informationis generated by identifying portions of documents associated with thesearch results that have been referenced in one or more web notebooks.For example, referring to FIG. 1, the snippetizer 120 can generatesnippet information for the web content entries in the result set 114using the contents of one or more web notebooks 118. As an example, thesnippetizer 120 can identify portions of documents associated with thesearch results that have been referenced in one or more web notebooks.For pages having no associated web notebook(s) 118, the snippetizer 120can use information from the repository 112 to create snippetinformation, as indicated by an arrow 122. Alternatively, notebookinformation may be used to identify relevant web pages, whileinformation from each web page itself may be matched to a request toidentify a snippet. The search results and snippet information are thenprovided to the GUI management module 124, which may include, forexample, one or more web servers.

In step 312, the search results and snippet information are forwarded tothe client computer. For example, referring to FIG. 1, the GUImanagement module 124 can send the search results and snippetinformation to the web browser 104 on the client computer, as indicatedby the arrow 126. The information can be sent over the Internet, forexample to the user's PDA from which the web search originated.

In step 314, the search results and snippet information are received bythe client computer. For example, referring to FIG. 1, the searchresults and snippet information are received by the web browser 104. Theweb browser may be on a home computer, work computer, cell phone or PDA,to name a few examples.

In step 316, the search results and snippet information are displayed onthe user's client computer. For example, referring to FIG. 1, the webbrowser 104 can display the search results and snippet information inthe results area of the user's computer screen. In particular, theresults area can list summaries and links to web pages matching theuser's original query (e.g., “Hawaii vacation”).

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an example of the ranker 116 that can beused in ranking search results using web notebooks. Here, the ranker 116operates using two submodules: a PageRank Module 402 and a webnotebook-based ranker 404.

The PageRank Module 402 uses backlinks to determine ranking. This typeof ranking is based on the number of other web pages that link to eachof the pages in the search results. More particularly, the PageRankModule 402 assigns a higher rank the more backlinks a webpage has. Inaddition, the PageRank Module 402 may provide a higher weight to certainbacklinks, such as when the backlinked page is itself linked to otherpages having content that is responsive to the request.

The web notebook-based ranker 404 uses the content of web notebooks todetermine ranking. Web notebook content can include titles or headingsin the web notebooks, snippets that have been clipped into the webnotebooks, user-supplied annotations or user-supplied free-form text,metadata associated with web notebooks (e.g., metadata that identifies acorresponding search request, a time/date stamp, or other informationrelated to a snippet, annotation, heading, title, etc.), and otherinformation stored in the web notebooks.

Ranking can be based on the extent to which the search results matchcontent in existing web notebooks. For example, the web notebook-basedranker 404 can assign a higher rank to search results corresponding towebsites matching content of web notebooks. In particular, if the userenters a search query for “Hawaii vacation” in the web browser 104, theweb notebook-based ranker 404 can rank the corresponding search resultsbased on whether existing web notebooks that contain content clippedfrom the search results have titles matching the keywords (e.g.,“Hawaii” and “vacation”) or contain clipped content matching thekeywords. In addition, the web notebook-based ranker 404 can assignhigher ranks to search results matching a greater number of notebooksand/or a greater number of occurrences of keywords within thosenotebooks. In each instance, respectively, the system may presume thatnotebook authors select descriptive titles for content they clip, thatclipped content matching keywords is a more important part of a web pagethan is unclipped content, or that the number of clippings from a webpage reflects its perceived usefulness to users in general.

In operation, the ranker 116 may first cause the PageRank Module 402 torank the search results based on backlinks. Then, the ranker 116 cancause the web notebook-based ranker 404 to modify the ranking of thesearch results based on their relevance to existing web notebooks. Forexample, the web notebook-based ranker 404 can modify the initialranking order of the search results according to existing web notebooksrelated to Hawaiian vacations. The result can be a reshuffling of theprevious ranking order according to notebook content.

Alternatively, the ranker 116 can first cause the web notebook-basedranker 404 to rank the search results based on their relevance toexisting web notebooks. For example, the web notebook-based ranker 404can initially rank the search results based on their match to existingweb notebooks related to Hawaiian vacations. Then, the ranker 116 cancause the PageRank Module 402 to further rank the search results basedon backlinks. The result can be a reshuffling of the web notebook-basedorder based on backlinks. For example, the ranker 404 can divide theresult in groups of notebook-included pages and non-notebook-includedpages, and the ranker 402 can thereafter modify the ranking within anyof these groups. The system may maintain the notebooks 118 separatelyfrom web content, such as in a central database, so as to access thedata separately for different purposes.

Instead of the PageRank module 402, another ranker can be used, forexample one that analyzes content of a web page in a particular manner.In particular, a ranker can assign higher ranks to web pages which morefrequently use key words associated with the web search. This type ofranking can be based on the extent of the match between the web pagecontent of the search results and the user's search request. Forexample, if the user enters a search query for “Hawaii vacation” in theweb browser 104, the ranker can rank the corresponding search resultsbased on whether they contain the key words (e.g., “Hawaii” and“vacation”) corresponding to the user's search query. More particularly,the ranker can assign a higher rank based on how many key words arematched, the frequency that each key word is used in the web page, andthe relative location of words in the query compared to the relativelocation in the web page. For example, a search result corresponding toa web site containing several occurrences of both “Hawaii” and“vacation” can receive a higher ranking than other search resultscorresponding to web sites that contain just a few of either key word.

There will now be described some examples of how the web notebook(s) 118can be generated and maintained.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a system 500 for organizing web-basedcontent in web notebooks. In general, the system 500 organizes notebooks516 a-516 d in notebook database 518 when users of system 500 selectcontent from web pages 514 a-514 g. Notebook manager 520 containscomponents to permit creation, modification, and management ofnotebooks, and access to the notebooks by users and others. As pictured,the system 500 uses a hosted notebook arrangement, i.e., one in which atleast a substantial portion of the notebook information is stored on oneor more central servers rather than being stored at each user'scomputer.

The web pages 514 a-514 g and notebooks 516 a-516 d show two exemplaryways to present web content. The web pages 514 a-514 g are prepared, forexample, by various third parties and are located by users of the system500, for example, by browsing the web. The notebooks 516 a-516 d arederivative documents prepared by users of the system, and are, inessence, conglomerations or compilations of other information fromvarious sources that the users grouped together. They are derivative inthe sense that some or all of their content may originate from othersources, such as web pages. For example, a user may compile a webnotebook to include information from various retail stores' web pagesshowing store hours for Black Friday—the day after Thanksgiving.

Such compiled content may be more helpful to readers than would be linksto the retailers' own web pages because the notebook allows review ofthe information in a single page, without the need for navigatingbetween and among various pages. In addition, in normal situations,links might not take the viewer directly to the relevant content—even ifthe links lead to areas within a web page—because the viewer may bedistracted by information they see around the relevant content. Byclipping a portion of the web page content, a notebook author mayprovide only the information that is needed for their purposes.

Notebooks 516 a-516 d can be created by a user navigating various webpages and clipping pieces of content from each of the web pages. Asdescribed below, the clipped content may then be pasted or dropped (invarious manners—both manual and automatic) into web notebooks. Thoughshown as web pages 514 a-514 g, the documents may take the form of anyappropriate network-accessible document, such as other documentsauthored in a mark up language. Examples of such possible formatsinclude SGML, XML, TeX, and XHTML, to name a few.

The web pages 514 a-514 g may contain a variety of appropriate content.For example, web page 514 a may be a page for a gourmet Italianrestaurant, while page 514 b may be a web page of a food photographer.Page 514 c may be a page for an Art Deco restaurant, while web page 514e may also be for an Italian restaurant. Web page 514 f may be for amodern Italian restaurant, while web page 514 g may be a page of apatent law firm.

Connecting lines show example correspondence between content taken fromweb pages 514 a-514 g, and web notebooks 516 a-516 d. For example, auser who enjoys nice looking food may browse web sites such asrestaurant web site 514 a and others, and may select photographs fromthose web sites to show together on the users' notebook page. Likewise,a user who creates notebook 516 b may be a fan of Italian cuisine, andmay thus clip content from a variety of Italian restaurant web pages inan area to provide a combined page that shows the best restaurants inthe area (at least according to the user). For example, page 514 c mightbe the web site for a high-end Italian restaurant, with pictures ofbeautifully presented food. A user creating notebook 516 b may haveplaced a portion (e.g., a menu and address) of the page in a notebookthey have captioned “Italian Restaurants” and another user (of notebook516 a) may have placed another portion (e.g., a photo of a beautifulcannoli) on a “Food Fashion”-captioned notebook

Each dashed box in the figure represents content from the web pages 514a-514 g that has been captured by users of the system into notebooks 516a-516 d. The boxes are shown in a rectangular shape consistent with manystandard approaches for content selection, although content may beselected in any appropriate manner by a user. Such content may becaptured in a variety of manners. For example, users may drag a mouseacross content in a web page, in a well-known manner, or a computersystem may default to selecting content with particular mark up tags(e.g., heading tags) and select that content automatically, orsemi-automatically (e.g., selecting the content, but giving the user theright to approve the clipping of the content). For example, a notebookauthor may be an artist looking for pictorial inspiration, and mayconfigure a notebook application to select only images for clipping to anotebook. In such a situation, all images on a page may be selected andclipped whenever the user makes a clipping command; the user may then begiven the option at that point to discard some figures, or may return tothe notebook later and delete any figures they did not want clipped tothe notebook.

As another example, a user may be looking only to make an outline in aweb notebook, and the user may configure the notebook application suchthat any selection clips only the titles or headings from a group ofselected content (or clips all titles and headings if no content iscurrently selected). After browsing a number of web sites and selectingcontent, the user can then view the notebook, find interesting headingsor title, and use controls in the notebook application to return to thecorresponding web pages to collect additional content.

In addition, the system may search for custom tags that a web pageauthor places in the page to guide clipping, e.g., “overview” tags thatmark the beginning and the end of information that summarizes thecontent of a page. Also, a standard may define such special tags invarious manners, such as “vertically” for specific types of web sites,e.g., financial, travel, etc., or for other uses. Allowing such customdefinition of tags may permit the system to be extensible to more uses,and thus more helpful to users of system 500 and operators of system500.

Information in addition to the clipped material may be added tonotebooks 516 a-516 d. For example, users may employ controls in anotebook development application to add headings, subheadings, comments,annotations and free-form text that they have prepared themselves to thenotebook. Users may also add metadata to a notebook (e.g., the users mayconfigure a web notebook to automatically add certain metadata, or theweb notebook may add such metadata by default), such as identificationof the notebook type, the user who created the notebook, users who mayaccess the notebook, the level of access allowed, information regardinga related search request, time/date stamp information, etc.

Various forms of information may be stored in notebooks 516 a-516 d. Forexample, HTML or other mark up code itself may be stored, and variousclippings may simply be set in sequence in the document. Alternatively,clippings or notes may be stored individually, and may also be pointedto by placeholders in a notebook.

Metadata about particular entries in a notebook may also be stored. Themetadata may include the URL from which the material was clipped, thetime/date it was clipped, indicators of the amount of content in a webpage before and after the content that is clipped (e.g., so that onecould return to the web page later and infer where the material camefrom in the page even if the material itself has changed in theinterim).

Although the notebooks may be stored locally on user computers such asterminal 522, they are shown here stored in a hosted system. Storing thenotebooks 516 a-516 d in a hosted format may provide a number ofadvantages. For example, hosted documents can be made available to thepublic more easily. Hosted documents can also be updated in real time ornear real time as information in the “source” web page changes. Hosteddocuments can be accessed by a user from a number of networkedmachines—such as machines at airports, cyber cafes and the like.

In addition, a hosting system such as notebook manager 520, which may becomprised of a combination of hardware (e.g., servers) and software forperforming functions described in more detail below, may in appropriatecircumstances perform more functions on a hosted set of notebooks thanwould be permitted if the notebooks were not stored centrally. Forexample, the manager 520 can search the content in the notebooks 516a-516 d to return search results for other users, it can look at contentin notebooks to make up indicators of popularity, and it can look atrecent activity with respect to notebooks to obtain indicators of recentpopularity.

A notebook manager 520 in a hosted system may also analyze connectionsin notebooks to improve general search results. For example, where athird-party user conducts a search for “Italian restaurants” or asimilar concept, the search ranking or score of pages 514 a, 514 e, and514 f may be elevated relevant to other pages because they arereferenced in a notebook captioned “Italian Restaurants.” The elevationmay occur under an assumption that the user who created notebook 516 bwas attempting to classify certain material, that the person selected anaccurately descriptive heading or sub-heading, and that the page hasthus been determined by a real person who is savvy enough to form a webnotebook so as to be related to that term, and by extension to thesearch term.

In one implementation, each notebook may be stored as a separate mark updocument, or each note may be stored as a separate mark up file, orother sort of file. Such options may be provided as alternatives or incombinations. One or more notebook indices may point to the notes ornotebooks to permit organization and navigation of the notebooks. Forexample, an index may include a table containing a number of URLsassociated with a particular user, so that when the user is accessingthe system links to each of the notebooks may be shown. Likewise, usersmay search the index to find information on various other users. Theindex may be stored, for example, with other information relating tousers and/or notebooks.

Notebook content may also be shared, if a notebook author chooses to doso. The sharing may be public so that any approved user of the systemmay see a notebook, or it may be less public, such as by providingaccess only to a group of approved users (e.g., friends orfriends-of-friends) such as a social network or a group of users havingspecial access privileges to a part of a system. In addition, the accessmay be structured so that other users can have read-only privileges,annotating or comment privileges, or full editorial privileges.

Particular global searches of the index may also be performed. Forexample, the system 500 may store information about which notebooks aremost popular with other users, such as through a rating system orthrough a number of users accessing the notebooks. As a derivativemeasure, the system 500 may also track the popularity of certainnotebook authors. The system 500 may then generate lists of popularnotebooks or popular notebook authors for others to see. In addition,the lists may be limited to particular topics, such as most popularnotebooks in a particular category (e.g., restaurant notebooks). Suchlists and other analytical information about the notebooks may be shownon a web page that may be accessed by users attempting to browse thenotebooks in notebooks database 518.

Notebook manager 520 shows an exemplary system (which may be asub-system of a larger system) that can be used to create, manage,analyze, and deliver web notebooks. Components of notebook manager 520allow it to store notebooks for various users in notebook database 518,to add content submitted by users to those notebooks, to searchnotebooks that match queries provided by users, to transmit requestednotebooks for display to users, and other appropriate functions.

Notebook manager 520 communicates with the users, such as a user atterminal 522, through interface 526. Although not shown for clarity, avariety of communications components arranged in networks, such as aLAN, WAN, or the Internet, may be situated between terminal 522 andinterface 526 in known manners. Interface 526 may be or include, forexample, one or more web servers.

Notebook presenter 530 formats notebooks for display to users who haverequested notebooks. Notebook presenter 530 may communicate withnotebook database 518 to obtain notebook information where the notebookinformation is stored in a form other than as a complete notebook. Wherenotebooks are stored as multiple pieces or documents, notebook presenter530 may access the parts that make up a notebook, and may combine andformat them for presentation as a complete notebook to a user. Forexample, a notebook outline document may contain pointers to variousnotebook entries, and the notebook presenter 530 may read each pointerto determine which entries to add to the notebook so as to obtain allrelevant note or entries stored in database 518. Notebook presenter 530may then transmit the completed notebook to a user through interface526.

Entries in a notebook or notebook outline document may also containpointers to web pages outside of notebook database 518. Such pointersmay be used, for example, when a notebook is intended to storeinformation from web pages that change over time. Such information couldinclude, in one example, the current temperatures in certain areas, suchas in locations shown in a notebook dedicated to travel.

Because notebooks will generally use only a portion of the content in aweb page, there may be challenges in locating the appropriate contentwhen a web page has changed. For example, if a notebook author clips aparagraph from the middle of a page, and the page is later edited tosubstantially change the material on each side of the clipped paragraph(and even to change the paragraph itself), it may be difficult to locatethe paragraph automatically among all the changes so as to permitupdating of the paragraph in the notebook.

A number of techniques may be used to help ensure that the same contentis accessed each time even as the values for the content change. Forexample, the position of the content in a web page may be determined(e.g., by determining the number of characters, words, or bytes into thepage the content occurs, or by a position relative to another objectsuch as a particular tag), as may tags that mark the beginning and endof the content. If the same tags appear at or near the same locations inthe revised page as they were computed to occur in the original page,the system may determine that the proper content has been located in therevised page. In addition, tags on each side of the content may also bestored, and the location of the changed content may be checked againstthe location of the tags. Tags such as link tags may be particularlyappropriate for such a determination, as they indicate an anchor pointfor the page to which the web page author presumably intended to focusattention.

If such determinations do not result in a sufficiently high level ofconfidence (which may be determined according to a scoring system thattallies all indicators that suggest the selection is proper) to permitsystem 500 to determine that the appropriate content in a page has beenlocated, other determinations may be made. For example, system 500 maystore certain metrics about a page when content is initiallyclipped—such as the total size of the page, the number of words in thepage, the number and position of images in the page, and the number andtype of other objects in the page. These metrics may be compared againstthe revised page to determine whether the page has changed so much thatthe notebooked content cannot be located with sufficient confidence.

If the content can be located, the system 500 may identify variouscandidates for the content (such as by comparing keywords in othercontent in the notebook, and comparing to keywords in the changed webpage) and produce a score for each candidate by comparing the revisedpage with the particular candidate against whatever metrics the systemhas stored for the page. As a simplified example, if a notebook istitled “model race cars” and only one paragraph in the changed web pagesays anything about cars or models, that paragraph may be determined tobe the relevant content (along with any heading that might exist for theparagraph).

The content included in the notebook may then be the candidate contentwith the highest score. If no such content is identified, viewers of thenotebook may be provided with an appropriate message, such as a messageasking the user to select the proper content from several candidates, oran error message.

Returning now to the components of notebook manager 520, notebookpresenter 530 may use information stored in user information database532 in preparing notebooks for transmission to users. For example, userinformation database 532 may store verification information about users.In such implementations, when a user requests access to a notebook,notebook presenter 530 may determine whether that user has access to thenotebook, such as by checking access information stored in userinformation database 532.

User information database 532 can also store other information for theproper operation of notebook manager 520. For example, database 532 mayinclude information for organizing notebooks, such as tablesrepresenting notebooks and pointers to documents that are entries ornotes in the notebooks. Also, database 532 may store metadata aboutnotebooks and notebook entries, including the author of a notebook, thetime at which an entry was added to a notebook, the source of an entry,the size of an entry, and other pertinent information needed to managenotebooks and notebook entries.

Search engine 528 may be used by notebook presenter 530 to obtaininformation in response to queries from users. For example, searchengine 528 may be in the form of a standard search engine such as asearch engine that ranks documents according to their backlinkrelationships, and may search for information in notebooks 516 a-516 d.User queries may be in the form of search terms that may be applied tothe corpus of content in database 518. For example, users may search forall notebooks containing content about Hawaiian vacations, and thesearch engine 528 may look for indicators of such content, such as thewords “Hawaiian” and “vacation,” related words such as “lei” and“leisure,” and links to pages containing such terms. Likewise, users maysearch for information about patent attorneys, and may be provided inresponse a link to notebook 516 d. If such a user selects the link, theymay then be presented with the notebook. The content within the notebook516 d may include hyperlinks directed to web page 514 g, so that if theuser selects such a link, they may be provided with a display of the webpage.

Search engine 528 may also be used for purposes other than searching ofnotebooks. For example, notebook manager 520 may submit queries, alongwith appropriate parameters (such as pointers to particular indices) toa standard search engine and may receive search results from the generalsearch engine. In such a manner, an organization may leverage theoperation of a general search engine to include searching relating toweb notebooks.

Notebook formatter 524 may serve to receive requests from users to startnew notebooks, and to add content to existing notebooks. Submissionevaluator 524 b within notebook formatter 524 receives information frominterface 526, and may parse and analyze the information to determinethe appropriate actions to take with respect to the information. Forexample, if the submission is sent, such as in the form of an HTTPrequest, with a command related to content selection, the submissionevaluator may parse the submission to determine the command and toisolate the content submitted with the command. The content may be, forexample, HTML code that has been selected by a user, and that contentmay be extracted from the other information submitted by terminal 522.In another example, the submission may include a request to edit anotebook, such as to add a heading in a notebook, or to edit contentwithin a notebook, such as to add comments within content thatpreviously has been clipped from a web page.

Notebook compiler 524 a manages a user's notebooks, and adds, edits, ordeletes content in notebooks. For example, where submission evaluator524 b has determined that a message (such as an HTTP request from thecomputer of a notebook author or other user) relates to content selectedfrom a web page, it may pass the content to the notebook compiler 524 aalong with metadata that has been parsed from the request. The metadatamay be used, for example, to determine the identity of the user, and todetermine the user notebooks to which the content should be added. Thenotebook compiler 524 a may then obtain the current version of thenotebook from notebook database 518, and may append the new content tothe notebook. The notebook compiler 524 a may also update a database ofmetadata relating to the notebook (which may be stored, for example, inuser information 532) and may save the updated notebook to database 518.

Notebook analyzer 534 may access notebooks in database 518 to provideusers or administrators of the system 500 with information relating tothe notebooks. Notebook analyzer 534 may be programmed with variousprocesses and other features to obtain notebook information, analyze it,and generate reports regarding the information. For example, notebookanalyzer 534 may be used by search engine 528 to build an index ofcontent in database 518 to permit for more efficient searching ofdatabase 518. As another example, notebook analyzer 534 may identifylinks between notebooks and between notebooks and web pages, and maypermit for mapping of relationships in the analyzed documents.

Through these components, notebook manager 520 may create new notebooks,edit existing notebooks, combine information from various notebooks,allow users to see notebooks created by other users, allow users tosearch across multiple notebooks, permit a system to analyze notebookssuch as to provide searching of notebooks, more efficient searching ofweb content, and easier navigation of notebooks, and to permit reportsto be generated regarding notebooks and notebook data. In certainimplementations, fewer than all such functions may be performed by anotebook manager 520.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing an exemplary flow of informationbetween components in a web notebook system 600. The system 600 includesvarious computing devices or computing systems to communicate through anetwork 612 such as the Internet. Information service provider 602stores information relating to notebooks in notebook database 610, whichmay be accessed by notebook manager 604. Notebook manager 604 may incertain implementations be the same as or similar to notebook manager120 shown in FIG. 1. Notebook manager 604 communicates with othercomponents in the system 600 through interface 608, which may be, forexample, one or more web servers and other related components.

Rack server 618 represents a provider of web page content, such as acorporation presenting its web page, a commercial content provider, orother Web content provider. Various forms of content may be provided,though one common form of content is web pages using variants of mark uplanguages such as HTML.

Terminals for two users are also shown. Terminal 614 represents acomputer that may be used by a person who creates a public web notebookby compiling information from various web pages. Terminal 616 representsa computer that may be used by a person looking for information aboutweb notebooks.

Lettered arrows in the figure represent flows of information in anexemplary process for creating and reviewing notebook content. Theprocess may begin with the arrows labeled A. Terminal 614 may be, atthat time, used to browse the web. For example, a user of terminal 614may be interested in New Zealand and the sights of New Zealand. Thatuser may have just returned from a vacation in New Zealand and may wishto create a notebook summarizing what they saw while on vacation. Atarrow A, the person obtains content from a web page stored on rackserver 618, such as by entering a URL for a restaurant in Auckland. Therack server 618 may respond by providing a web page associated with therestaurant.

The arrows labeled B represent communications that occur when the userbegins selecting information from the web page. For example, a user mayhighlight content from a web page by clicking and dragging across thecontent. This action may cause the beginning of a process to analyze theselected content, which may result in the system 600 providing the userwith a name of a notebook from among the user's notebooks into which thecontent should be placed. For example, if the web page the user isreviewing has a heading of “New Zealand,” and one of the user'snotebooks has a similar heading, the notebook manager 604 may infer thatthe user intends to clip the information to the New Zealand notebook,and may present an icon representing that notebook as a defaultselection for the selected content. Alternatively, terminal 614 itselfmay make such an inference, or may simply place the selected contentinto whatever notebook is currently active on terminal 614. In suchalternative situations, the communication shown by label B with theinformation service provider 602 would not be needed.

The arrows labeled C represent the addition of content to a notebook.For example, if a user chooses a notebook selected by notebook manager604, the selected content may be saved to that notebook by notebookmanager 604 in notebook database 610. Alternatively, selected contentmay be saved initially by an application operating on terminal 614, andmay be transferred to notebook database 610 when such an action ischosen by a user, such as when a user chooses to save actions at the endof a browsing session. Alternatively, terminal 614 may send to themanager 604 information about a pointer to the content to be added, andmanager 604 may obtain the information directly from rack server 618.

Where the content is on a web page that is regularly updated, thenotebook manager may request the content later from rack server 618,such as shown by the arrows labeled Cx. In that situation, a link orpointer may initially be stored in the notebook, and the request forup-to-date content may be made by notebook manager 604 at an appropriatetime, such as periodically or when a user requests to view the notebook.

The arrows labeled D represent a request for information by the user ofterminal 616. The user may be interested in web notebook content orother web content, and may be conducting ordinary browsing andsearching. The request may be, for example, a search request directed tonotebooks in notebook database 610, or a more general search requestcovering content from the world wide web (WWW) and content in notebookdatabase 610. The search request may take a normal form, whereby a userenters search terms and submits them by way of HTTP request to a searchengine (not shown). The user in response may be provided a list ofsearch results in the form of hyperlinks to matching content andadditional information.

The arrows labeled E represent a selection by the user of terminal 616of a web notebook from a search result. Such a selection, for example byselecting a hyperlink directed to the notebook, causes informationservice provider 602 to return an HTML document that represents thenotebook. Terminal 616 then displays the document to the user. Thenotebook document may include content taken from various web pages bythe user or by other users, and may also include hyperlinks to the webpages from which the content was taken.

The arrows labeled F represent selection by a user of terminal 616 of ahyperlink for content to a web notebook. As depicted, the hyperlink isdirected to the original web page stored at rack server 618, whichreturns an HTML document to terminal 616 of that original web page.Alternatively, the web page could be cached at information serviceprovider 602 and provided from there. The user may then navigate back tothe notebook, select content from the web page or from the notebook toadd to the user's own notebook, or perform other appropriate functions.

In this manner, the system 600 provides a user of terminal 614 theopportunity to create and publish Web notebooks that contain originalcontent and also content derived from other web pages. The web notebooksmay be published by system 600 as mark up (e.g., HTML) documents thatcontain the total of the mark up code that has been clipped from varioussources in addition to content (e.g., headings and titles) addeddirectly to the notebook. Alternatively, the notebooks may be builton-the-fly, in whole or in part, when a request is made for them, suchas by storing a notebook as a number of pointers, and following thepointers to obtain content before serving the notebook in response to arequest. The system 600 also enables users such as the user of terminal616 to search for and review such Web notebooks, and thereby obtaininformation that is more relevant or more appropriately formatted thaninformation scattered across multiple different web pages.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of computing devices 700 and 770 that may beused to implement the systems and methods described in this document, aseither a client or as a server or plurality of servers. Computing device700 is intended to represent various forms of digital computers, such aslaptops, desktops, workstations, personal digital assistants, servers,blade servers, mainframes, and other appropriate computers. Computingdevice 770 is intended to represent various forms of mobile devices,such as personal digital assistants, cellular telephones, smartphones,and other similar computing devices. The components shown here, theirconnections and relationships, and their functions, are meant to beexemplary only, and are not meant to limit implementations describedand/or claimed in this document.

Computing device 700 includes a processor 702, memory 704, a storagedevice 706, a high-speed interface 708 connecting to memory 704 andhigh-speed expansion ports 710, and a low speed interface 712 connectingto low speed bus 714 and storage device 706. Each of the components 702,704, 706, 708, 710, and 712, are interconnected using various busses,and may be mounted on a common motherboard or in other manners asappropriate. The processor 702 can process instructions for executionwithin the computing device 700, including instructions stored in thememory 704 or on the storage device 706 to display graphical informationfor a GUI on an external input/output device, such as display 716coupled to high speed interface 708. In other implementations, multipleprocessors and/or multiple buses may be used, as appropriate, along withmultiple memories and types of memory. Also, multiple computing devices700 may be connected, with each device providing portions of thenecessary operations (e.g., as a server bank, a group of blade servers,or a multi-processor system).

The memory 704 stores information within the computing device 700. Inone implementation, the memory 704 is a volatile memory unit or units.In another implementation, the memory 704 is a non-volatile memory unitor units. The memory 704 may also be another form of computer-readablemedium, such as a magnetic or optical disk.

The storage device 706 is capable of providing mass storage for thecomputing device 700. In one implementation, the storage device 706 maybe or contain a computer-readable medium, such as a floppy disk device,a hard disk device, an optical disk device, or a tape device, a flashmemory or other similar solid state memory device, or an array ofdevices, including devices in a storage area network or otherconfigurations. A computer program product can be tangibly embodied inan information carrier. The computer program product may also containinstructions that, when executed, perform one or more methods, such asthose described above. The information carrier is a computer- ormachine-readable medium, such as the memory 704, the storage device 706,memory on processor 702, or a propagated signal.

The high speed controller 708 manages bandwidth-intensive operations forthe computing device 700, while the low speed controller 712 manageslower bandwidth-intensive operations. Such allocation of functions isexemplary only. In one implementation, the high-speed controller 708 iscoupled to memory 704, display 716 (e.g., through a graphics processoror accelerator), and to high-speed expansion ports 710, which may acceptvarious expansion cards (not shown). In the implementation, low-speedcontroller 712 is coupled to storage device 706 and low-speed expansionport 714. The low-speed expansion port, which may include variouscommunication ports (e.g., USB, Bluetooth, Ethernet, wireless Ethernet)may be coupled to one or more input/output devices, such as a keyboard,a pointing device, a scanner, or a networking device such as a switch orrouter, e.g., through a network adapter.

The computing device 700 may be implemented in a number of differentforms, as shown in the figure. For example, it may be implemented as astandard server 720, or multiple times in a group of such servers. Itmay also be implemented as part of a rack server system 724. Inaddition, it may be implemented in a personal computer such as a laptopcomputer 722. Alternatively, components from computing device 700 may becombined with other components in a mobile device (not shown), such asdevice 750. Each of such devices may contain one or more of computingdevice 700, 750, and an entire system may be made up of multiplecomputing devices 700, 750 communicating with each other.

Computing device 750 includes a processor 752, memory 764, aninput/output device such as a display 754, a communication interface766, and a transceiver 768, among other components. The device 750 mayalso be provided with a storage device, such as a microdrive or otherdevice, to provide additional storage. Each of the components 750, 752,764, 754, 766, and 768, are interconnected using various buses, andseveral of the components may be mounted on a common motherboard or inother manners as appropriate.

The processor 752 can execute instructions within the computing device750, including instructions stored in the memory 764. The processor maybe implemented as a chipset of chips that include separate and multipleanalog and digital processors. The processor may provide, for example,for coordination of the other components of the device 750, such ascontrol of user interfaces, applications run by device 750, and wirelesscommunication by device 750.

Processor 752 may communicate with a user through control interface 758and display interface 756 coupled to a display 754. The display 754 maybe, for example, a TFT (Thin-Film-Transistor Liquid Crystal Display)display or an OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) display, or otherappropriate display technology. The display interface 756 may compriseappropriate circuitry for driving the display 754 to present graphicaland other information to a user. The control interface 758 may receivecommands from a user and convert them for submission to the processor752. In addition, an external interface 762 may be provide incommunication with processor 752, so as to enable near areacommunication of device 750 with other devices. External interface 762may provide, for example, for wired communication in someimplementations, or for wireless communication in other implementations,and multiple interfaces may also be used.

The memory 764 stores information within the computing device 750. Thememory 764 can be implemented as one or more of a computer-readablemedium or media, a volatile memory unit or units, or a non-volatilememory unit or units. Expansion memory 774 may also be provided andconnected to device 750 through expansion interface 772, which mayinclude, for example, a SIMM (Single In Line Memory Module) cardinterface. Such expansion memory 774 may provide extra storage space fordevice 750, or may also store applications or other information fordevice 750. Specifically, expansion memory 774 may include instructionsto carry out or supplement the processes described above, and mayinclude secure information also. Thus, for example, expansion memory 774may be provide as a security module for device 750, and may beprogrammed with instructions that permit secure use of device 750. Inaddition, secure applications may be provided via the SIMM cards, alongwith additional information, such as placing identifying information onthe SIMM card in a non-hackable manner.

The memory may include, for example, flash memory and/or NVRAM memory,as discussed below. In one implementation, a computer program product istangibly embodied in an information carrier. The computer programproduct contains instructions that, when executed, perform one or moremethods, such as those described above. The information carrier is acomputer- or machine-readable medium, such as the memory 764, expansionmemory 774, memory on processor 752, or a propagated signal that may bereceived, for example, over transceiver 768 or external interface 762.

Device 750 may communicate wirelessly through communication interface766, which may include digital signal processing circuitry wherenecessary. Communication interface 766 may provide for communicationsunder various modes or protocols, such as GSM voice calls, SMS, EMS, orMMS messaging, CDMA, TDMA, PDC, WCDMA, CDMA2000, or GPRS, among others.Such communication may occur, for example, through radio-frequencytransceiver 768. In addition, short-range communication may occur, suchas using a Bluetooth, WiFi, or other such transceiver (not shown). Inaddition, GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver module 770 mayprovide additional navigation- and location-related wireless data todevice 750, which may be used as appropriate by applications running ondevice 750.

Device 750 may also communicate audibly using audio codec 760, which mayreceive spoken information from a user and convert it to usable digitalinformation. Audio codec 760 may likewise generate audible sound for auser, such as through a speaker, e.g., in a handset of device 750. Suchsound may include sound from voice telephone calls, may include recordedsound (e.g., voice messages, music files, etc.) and may also includesound generated by applications operating on device 750.

The computing device 750 may be implemented in a number of differentforms, as shown in the figure. For example, it may be implemented as acellular telephone 780. It may also be implemented as part of asmartphone 782, personal digital assistant, or other similar mobiledevice.

Various implementations of the systems and techniques described here canbe realized in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry,specially designed ASICs (application specific integrated circuits),computer hardware, firmware, software, and/or combinations thereof.These various implementations can include implementation in one or morecomputer programs that are executable and/or interpretable on aprogrammable system including at least one programmable processor, whichmay be special or general purpose, coupled to receive data andinstructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a storagesystem, at least one input device, and at least one output device.

These computer programs (also known as programs, software, softwareapplications or code) include machine instructions for a programmableprocessor, and can be implemented in a high-level procedural and/orobject-oriented programming language, and/or in assembly/machinelanguage. As used herein, the terms “machine-readable medium”“computer-readable medium” refers to any computer program product,apparatus and/or device (e.g., magnetic discs, optical disks, memory,Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)) used to provide machine instructionsand/or data to a programmable processor, including a machine-readablemedium that receives machine instructions as a machine-readable signal.The term “machine-readable signal” refers to any signal used to providemachine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor.

To provide for interaction with a user, the systems and techniquesdescribed here can be implemented on a computer having a display device(e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor)for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointingdevice (e.g., a mouse or a trackball) by which the user can provideinput to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide forinteraction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to theuser can be any form of sensory feedback (e.g., visual feedback,auditory feedback, or tactile feedback); and input from the user can bereceived in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input.

The systems and techniques described here can be implemented in acomputing system that includes a back end component (e.g., as a dataserver), or that includes a middleware component (e.g., an applicationserver), or that includes a front end component (e.g., a client computerhaving a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a usercan interact with an implementation of the systems and techniquesdescribed here), or any combination of such back end, middleware, orfront end components. The components of the system can be interconnectedby any form or medium of digital data communication (e.g., acommunication network). Examples of communication networks include alocal area network (“LAN”), a wide area network (“WAN”), and theInternet.

The computing system can include clients and servers. A client andserver are generally remote from each other and typically interactthrough a communication network. The relationship of client and serverarises by virtue of computer programs running on the respectivecomputers and having a client-server relationship to each other.

A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it willbe understood that various modifications may be made without departingfrom the spirit and scope of the disclosed implementations. Accordingly,other implementations are within the scope of the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method implemented by one or more processors, the method comprising: identifying an entry, created based on user interface input provided by a given user via a given client device, wherein the entry is directed to a given web document and includes user-supplied free-form text that is based on the user interface input, and wherein the given web document does not include one or more particular terms of the user-supplied free-form text; receiving, from an additional client device of an additional user that is in addition to the given user, a search query that is entered by the additional user at the additional client device, and that includes the one or more particular query terms; determining that the given web document is responsive to the search query based on determining that the one or more particular query terms, of the search query, are included in the user-supplied free-form text of the entry that is directed to the given web document; and in response to receiving the search query and in response to determining that the given web document is responsive to the search query: providing, for presentation at the additional client device, a given search result that corresponds to the given web document.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: in response to receiving the search query and determining that the one or more particular query terms, of the search query, are included in the user-supplied free-form text of the entry that is directed to the given web document: providing, for presentation at the additional client device along with the given search result, a link to the entry.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the given web document is a webpage.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining that an additional web document is responsive to the search query; and in response to the search query and in response to determining that the additional web document is responsive to the search query: providing, for presentation at the additional client device and along with the given search result, an additional search result that corresponds to the additional web document.
 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising: identifying a further entry, created based on further user interface input provided by a further user via a further client device, wherein the further entry is directed to the additional web document and includes further user-supplied free-form text that is based on the further user interface input, and wherein the additional web document does not include any terms of the further user-supplied free-form text; and wherein determining that the additional web document is responsive to the search query is based on determining that the one or more particular query terms, of the search query, are included in the further user-supplied free-form text of the additional entry that is directed to the additional web document.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the user-supplied free-form text is included in a title of the entry.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the user-supplied free-form text is included in a heading of the entry.
 8. A system, comprising: a database, the database storing entries, the entries including an entry, created based on user interface input provided by a given user via a given client device, wherein the entry is directed to a given web document and includes user-supplied free-form text that is based on the user interface input, and wherein the given web document does not include one or more particular terms of the user-supplied free-form text; memory storing instructions; one or more processors executing the instructions stored in the memory to: receive, from an additional client device of an additional user that is in addition to the given user, a search query that is entered by the additional user at the additional client device, and that includes the one or more particular query terms; determine that the given web document is responsive to the search query based on determining that the one or more particular query terms, of the search query, are included in the user-supplied free-form text of the entry that is directed to the given web document; and in response to receiving the search query and in response to determining that the given web document is responsive to the search query: provide, for presentation at the additional client device, a given search result that corresponds to the given web document.
 9. The system of claim 8, wherein one or more of the processors, in executing the instructions, are further to: in response to receiving the search query and determining that the one or more particular query terms, of the search query, are included in the user-supplied free-form text of the entry that is directed to the given web document: provide, for presentation at the additional client device along with the given search result, a link to the entry.
 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the given web document is a webpage.
 11. The system of claim 9, wherein one or more of the processors, in executing the instructions, are further to: determine that an additional web document is responsive to the search query; and in response to the search query and in response to determining that the additional web document is responsive to the search query: provide, for presentation at the additional client device and along with the given search result, an additional search result that corresponds to the additional web document.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein one or more of the processors, in executing the instructions, are further to: identify a further entry, created based on further user interface input provided by a further user via a further client device, wherein the further entry is directed to the additional web document and includes further user-supplied free-form text that is based on the further user interface input, and wherein the additional web document does not include any terms of the further user-supplied free-form text; and wherein in determining that the additional web document is responsive to the search query one or more of the processors are to determine that the additional web document is responsive to the search query based on determining that the one or more particular query terms, of the search query, are included in the further user-supplied free-form text of the additional entry that is directed to the additional web document.
 13. The system of claim 8, wherein the user-supplied free-form text is included in a title of the entry.
 14. The system of claim 8, wherein the user-supplied free-form text is included in a heading of the entry. 